[Election & Application Thread] V2 Arbitrum Research & Development Collective

As per @web3citizenxyz representation, we voted:

Risk: Nethermind Research

Security: OpenZeppelin

Research: 70% Blockworks + 30% PYOR

Supervisory Council Election

Operations Role: Entropy + Tamara
Comms role
We split our vote between James and JuanRah + Alex Lumley.

Below is our rationale.

Thank you to all applicants who applied for V2 of the ARDC!

There was an exceptional amount of talent in the forum. Below are our votes for each sub-group of the ARDC, each applicant was assessed against their technical expertise in relation to their relevant field, their overall experience and contribution within the ArbitrumDAO and Arbitrum Ecosystem, and lastly, their scope of work and deliverables.

Risk:
Vote: 100% Nethermind
Rationale:

  • Nethermind is an industry leader within the risk, incentives, and general mechanism design realm. They have extensive professional experience that is directly relatable to Arbitrum and its ecosystem.
  • They provided a thorough Scope of Work that touches on many great topics that we think are super valuable to the ArbitrumDAO and the ecosystem as a whole.

Security:
Vote: 60% Trail of Bits, 40% OpenZeppelin
Rationale:

  • Both Trail of Bits and OpenZeppelin are extremely strong candidates for this position and uniquely displayed key strengths that we think would benefit Arbitrum greatly.
  • Trail of Bits has extensive context and hands on experience within the Arbitrum ecosystem (Nitro, Timeboost, Stylus, BoLD, and general ArbOS upgrades). They provided a holistic scope of work accompanied by report deliverables, additional documentation and guidance for community reviewers. Lastly, their auditing tools are highly extensive.
  • OpenZeppelin has extensive professional work within major DAOs in which we’ve had a great time working with and appreciate their proactiveness as a Security Service Provider. They bring strong technical expertise and we really liked their scope of work.

Research:
Vote: 70% Blockworks Advisory, 30% Llama Research & Castle Capital
Rationale:

  • Research had some really strong candidates however, we were very impressed with the work Blockworks did in V1 of ARDC.
  • Blockworks has extensive experience within the ArbitrumDAO, Arbitrum Ecosystem, and the general L2 landscape. They’ve demonstrated great technical knowledge within Arbitrum-specific applications and we really liked their scope of work and deliverables for V2.
  • Llama Research & Castle Capital also had a great application. Specifically, Castle Capital has extensive Arbitrum experience. The media exposure for DL is a great added benefit and we were impressed with their scope of work and deliverables which we found to hit a lot of pain points within the DAO.

Supervisory Council:
Comms
Vote: 50% Jameskbh, 50% Pedro Breuer
Rationale:

  • Pedro is an extremely active delegate that we’ve witnessed constantly providing constructive feedback across the ArbitrumDAO. He presented a strong vision, has extensive experience, and we think he’d be a great fit for the Comms role.
  • Jameskbh really stood out with his prior DAO experience and his clear vision of how he plans to undertake his Comms role. He provided great priorities and role-specific responsibilities that would be a significant value add to the ARDC and the DAO.

Disclaimer: Wintermute recently invested in Karpatkey of which Jameskbh is a member of. We conducted an objective assessment across the board and James had a really strong application which is why he was chosen alongside Pedro.

Operations
Vote: 100% Tamara + Entropy Adv.
Rationale:

  • Tamara has demonstrated professional experience within DAOs in a hands-on operations role. She brings strong organisational skills that would fit well within the ARDC Operations Role.
  • In combination with Tamara, having Entropy assist on the operations side is a great value add. They have some of the deepest context within the ArbitrumDAO and have spearheaded multiple successful initiatives.
4 Likes

ARDC is one of the key elements of ArbitrumDAO, and I am glad to see V2 of the proposal. It’s great to see so many talented individuals and organizations applying for the roles. Based on my knowledge and after reading the applications I decided to cast my votes for:

Supervisory Council Election: 50% for Zer8, 25% for Frisson, 25% for JuanRah & Alex Lumley
Research Election: 33.33% for PYOR Research, 33.33% for The Block Research, 33.33% for Blockworks Advisory
Risk Election: 50% for Nethermind, 50% for DeFiSafety
Security Election: 100% for OpenZeppelin

just a note that this:

and this:

is not possible, simultaneously.

since this is the same election, and therefor 100% of the voting power needs to be distributed through these 3 applicants.

1 Like

We would like to thanks to all the applicants who applied for V2 of the ARDC.

The selection process was incredibly challenging due to the exceptional talent and diverse backgrounds of the applicants. However, after careful consideration, here is our vote and rationale for the ARDC Member Election:

ARDC(V2) Security Member Election

Vote: OpenZeppelin 50%, Trail of Bits 50%

Rationale:

For the security member position within the Arbitrum Research & Development Collective, we have decided to equally support OpenZeppelin and Trail of Bits. Both candidates are exceptionally strong and bring unique strengths that we believe will greatly benefit Arbitrum.

Trail of Bits brings extensive hands-on experience with the Arbitrum ecosystem, ArbOs upgrades, comprehensive tools and documentation.

OpenZeppelin has a strong track record with major DAOs, showcasing technical expertise and proactive service. Supporting both ensures a robust and well-rounded approach to security challenges, aligning with Arbitrum’s goals

ARDC (V2) Supervisory Council Election

Ops Role:

Vote: 100% Tamara and Entropy

Rationale:
Tamara’s extensive operational experience with LIDO and Entropy’s deep understanding of ArbitrumDAO as a representative make them a well-rounded team for this role. Their combined expertise ensures strong coordination and effective execution of operational tasks within the ARDC.

Comms:

Vote: 50% for Pedro, 50% for Frisson

Rationale:

Pedro is a highly active delegate known for providing constructive feedback and demonstrating a strong vision. His extensive experience makes him an excellent fit for the Comms role.

Frisson has been actively engaged in the DAO from the start, contributing meaningfully to discussions and fostering effective communication across various channels. His consistent involvement adds significant value to this role.

ARDC (V2) Research Election

Vote: 100% The Blocks

Rationale: The Block brings in their strong analytical skills and technical research experiences within the industry. Their proven track record on these researchers give us confidence in their capabilities to assist technical R&D for Arbitrum’s community.

ARDC (V2) Risk Election

Vote: 100% Nethermind

Rationale:

Nethermind’s expertise in risk, incentives, and mechanism design, combined with their comprehensive and valuable Scope of Work, makes them the ideal choice for this role.

1 Like

our votes and rational:

Research:
50% llama risk and castle capital
rationale: capable and experienced researchers with experience participating in Arbitrum and providing Arbitrum related research.

50% blockworks Research
Rationale: capable and experienced researchers with strong anlaytics capabilities and also great reach through the Blockworks brand, giving Arbitrum extra exposure

Security: 100% to Openzeppelin
Rationale: both candidates seem qualified but Openzeppelin seemed more commited to going the extra mile, including trying to make security processes more efficient and suggesting improvements.

Risk: 100% DeFi Safety
Rationale: DeFi Safety seemed to have the most experience and capabilties for DeFi risk assessment which would be most pertinent for Arbitrum DAO

Supervisory:

50% to Entropy + Tamara (operations)
The most experienced candidate from our perspective.

50% to jameskbh (communications)
Involved with arbitrumdao governance, and has clear and useful deliverables.

2 Likes

Hello sirs.
I appreciate the efforts of all candidates who applied for these positions in the ARDC elections. I found it really challenging to make a decision due to the high caliber of candidates, but after reviewing the different applications these are the people I decided to cast my vote for:

ARDC (V2) Supervisory Council:
I decided to split my vote among Jameskbh , Pedro Breuer and Entropy + Tamara. I think that these candidates bring a diverse and complementary set of skills that are crucial for effective governance and operations within the DAO.
Jameskbh has extensive experience across multiple DAOs, which allow him to have a strong foundation in governance efficiency and transparent communication. I think that both his experience and his diverse skills make him an excellent fit for the Communication role.
Pedro Breuer brings valuable legal expertise and a deep understanding of DAO governance. His commitment to strategic oversight and stakeholder communication ensures that he will be a strong advocate for the DAO’s long-term objectives, which I believe is essential right now.
For the Operations role I decided to support Entropy + Tamara. I think that this joint candidature has the potential to create a great synergy. Tamara’s project management experience at Lido, combined with Entropy’s strategic direction shown so far, creates a really good match.

ARDC (V2) Research Election:
I decided to support Llama Research & Castle Capital. Their commitment to delivering high-quality research has often and consistently impressed me, and their extensive experience within the Arbitrum ecosystem makes them qualified for this role. I’ve always appreciated their dedication to open builders’ ethics, emphasizing transparency and collaboration, which are essential values for fostering trust within the community. Based on their proven track record and their familiarity with Arbitrum, their presence in the ARDC can definitely drive growth and innovation.

ARDC (V2) Security Election:
I’m supporting OpenZeppelin for this position mainly because of their extensive experience and proven track record in the security field, being one of the biggest if not the biggest player in the space, which makes them an ideal candidate. OpenZeppelin has been a foundational security provider in the blockchain ecosystem since basically the beginning of DeFi, demonstrating their commitment to advancing blockchain security. What I appreciate the most is their comprehensive and very thorough approach to security, allowing them to address vulnerabilities from different angles. I think there’s no better candidate than them for this position!

ARDC (V2) Risk Election:
Here too, it was difficult to make a choice but I eventually decided to support Nethermind for this position. Apart from their track record and expertise, I think that the team’s diverse background can be a great asset, bringing in knowledge from different angles in risk management and quantitative modeling. If Nethermind gets elected, I believe Arbitrum will benefit from their data-driven insights, robust risk modeling, and strategic recommendations, not only enhancing our decision-making but also strengthening the ecosystem’s resilience on the long term.

I chose to share my voting preferences only now because, since the vote is shielded, I wanted to maintain the integrity of the process by not revealing my choices too soon.

3 Likes

Stating my vote rationale here.

In all cases, I believe the people I voted for are the best for the role. I’ve directly worked with some of them, others I’ve seen in forums and read their POVs regularly, and others I’ve interacted in groups, others I’ve seen their work online. I’ve also considered hourly rates and backgrounds stated. Thanks to all for applying and taking the time, and good luck.

Supervisory Council Election: Frisson 50%, Pedro 50%
Research Election: Llama Research & Castle Capital 50%, Blockworks Advisory 50%
Risk Election: Nethermind 100%
Security Election: OpenZeppelin 100%

3 Likes

Our voting rationale is as follows:

Research: 100% DefiLlama Research & Castle Capital
Risk: 100% Nethermind
Security: 100% OpenZepellin

Supervisory Council: 49.5% Pedro (Comms), 49.5% James (Comms), 1% Tamara (Ops)

We have voted for the above because we believe they are the best fit for the job, have the correct expertise, understand the challenges that the DAO faces and are well placed to carve out solutions.

We would like to thank all the applicants for their work and dedication and hope they all stay within the DAO regardless of the outcome of these elections.


We will also state the clear COI in our vote for the Research member, to which we are a candidate. We are voting 100% for ourselves in line with the DAO’s Code of Conduct.

3 Likes

I went through all applications and gave each candidate a 1-10 score (which was then automatically translated into percentages). Because the vote is shielded, I will reveal my choices after the election is over, so that I don’t impact how other people vote.

EDIT (after voting ended):

I’ve read through all applications and graded candidates with a score 1-10 based on my subjective opinion. The reason I did that instead of just choosing one or two candidates is that I believe all candidates bring something valuable to the table, which is why I prefer proportional voting instead of “winner-takes-all” approach.

Here is my vote reveal:

Supervisory Council Election: 12.24% for Frisson (Comm Role), 14.29% for JuanRah + AlexLumley (Comm Role), 14.29% for Jameskbh (Comm Role), 16.33% for Entropy Adv. + Tamara (Op Role) , 14.29% for Pedro Breuer (Comm Role) , 12.24% for Violet Benson (Comm Role) , 16.33% for ZER8 (Comm Role).

Research Election: 17.07% for Revelo Intel, 17.07% for PYOR Research, 19.51% for The Block Research, 21.95% for Llama Research & Castle Capital, 24.39% for Blockworks Advisory.

Risk Election: 20.51% for Vending Machine, 23.08% for TAU Labs, 15.38% for Jupiter Block, 17.95% for DeFiSafety, 23.08% for Nethermind.

In the Security Election I decided to give 100% of my vote to one candidate, OpenZeppelin, because of its lengthy presence in the crypto world; commitment to open source development via smart contract templates, which increase overall security in the space (and they do it free of charge); extensive experience in auditing; and last but not least, their past work and experience as Security Member of the ARDC.

1 Like

The following reflects the views of L2BEAT’s governance team, composed of @krst and @Sinkas, and it’s based on the combined research, fact-checking, and ideation of the two.

There were some great applications for the second term of the ARDC which we’re grateful for. After reviewing all applications individually and attending the pitching sessions on 21st of November and 26th of November (as well as most of the individual deep dives call set up by applicants), we’ve decided to vote in favor of the following applications:

Supervisory Council:

  • Operations

    • Entropy Advisors + Tamara

    Apart from being the only application for the operations lead in the Supervisory Council, we were happy to see Entropy and Tamara joining forces. We believe their combined context and experience will be invaluable for the role.

  • Communications

    • JuanRah + Alex Lumley

    Juan’s background in academia, particularly in geopolitics and strategic intelligence, and his experience in communications make him a very strong candidate for the role. Combined with Alex, who has a lot of context in Arbitrum and is already connected to several stakeholders (e.g., through running the GRC calls), they are well-positioned to carry out the role’s responsibilities.

    • Jameskbh

    James brings extensive governance experience from his involvement in Arbitrum DAO and Aura Finance. He’s already well-connected with stakeholders in the DAO and the broader Arbitrum ecosystem through his engagement with Karpatkey.

Security:

  • OpenZeppelin

Having worked with OpenZeppelin in the previous cohort of ARDC, we’re confident in their ability to carry out the mandate of the role. Trail of Bits is also a very strong contender, but seeing as Offchain Labs/Arbitrum Foundation often contracts them for security audits, we believe that having OpenZeppelin in the ARDC can help us have an extra set of eyes on proposal executables and important code upgrades.

Risk:

  • Nethermind

Nethermind’s extensive experience with doing due diligence for hedge and VC funds, as well as their proposed scope of work, make them an ideal candidate for the risk member role.

Research:

There were several robust applications for the research role, which made it very difficult to decide on any single one. As a result, we decided to spread the vote across the four that we thought were the best fit while leaning slightly in favor of one of them.

  • Castle Capital + DefiLlama (40%)

Their proposed scope of work is very interesting and we believe Castle Capital and DefiLlama will do an excellent job as the ARDC’s research member.

  • Blockworks Research (20%)

We’re familiar with Blockworks Research’s abilities and experience, having worked with them in the previous cohort of the ARDC.

  • Messari (20%)

Being a household name and a research powerhouse, Messari made an obviously strong contender for the research seat.

  • The Block (20%)

Last but not least, The Block has a proven track record of researching and analyzing Ethereum’s L2s over the past few years. They could be a valuable addition to the ARDC’s roster.

While there’s only one research seat available, we hope to see all applicants who will not be elected continue contributing to Arbitrum DAO through other channels, and hopefully we can get them involved in some other areas.

2 Likes

Here’s my voting rationale:

Supervisory Council
Operations: The decision by Entropy to waive their payment sparked significant discussion but ultimately led to a partnership that benefits the DAO by combining Entropy’s established expertise with Tamara’s focus and skills. As Paulo mentioned days ago: we got to have our cake and eat it too. I’m happy with this choice.

Communications: I’ve known JuanRah for years, and his work ethic and dedication are seriously impressive. Even though he is somehow new to the DAO, with Alex Lumley as his mentor, I think they’ll be a great match for the communications gig. I’m really looking forward to seeing JuanRah’s contributions start rolling in.

Frisson: Frisson was a no-brainer for me. He’s been around forever in the DAO, always active and connected with everyone. His commitment is exactly what we need for this role.

Security: Open Zeppelin’s selection for security is justified by their unmatched reputation and contributions to blockchain security. Their continued involvement ensures that the DAO benefits from top-tier security practices, which is crucial for maintaining trust and integrity in our operations.

Research: This was a tough call between Messari and Blockworks, but I went with Messari because I’ve used their platform for a while now. Their research is top-notch, and I’ve seen the quality of their work firsthand.

Risk:I voted for Nethermind for risk because they’ve always been solid for me. I even use them as my execution client for my validator node, so yeah, maybe I’m a bit biased, but they’ve never disappointed me.

That’s my take on why I voted the way I did. Just wanted to get the best for our DAO with these choices.

First of all, we appreciate all the candidates for their willingness and diligence in providing comprehensive applications for each role!

Here are our votes and reasonings:

Supervisory Council

Operations: Entropy + Tamara we are grateful to see Entropy being involved with the operations, and working with a promising DAO operator, Tamara.

Communications: Frisson and JuanRah + Alex Lumley. @Frisson has been a critical delegate and representative of Tally which is a vital tool for the Arbitrum DAO with great communication and coordination skills. We are impressed with the background and involvement with the Arbitrum DAO from @Juanrah and believe a great addition to the council with @AlexLumley involvement.

Research

33% Blockworks Advisory, 33% Messari and 33% Llama Research & Castle Capital

With the ongoing involvement for the Arbitrum research projects and contributions, we chose @BlockworksResearch and @CastleCapital (with Llama Research). Having @Messari as a prominent crypto research institution (and complementary marketing support) is definitely a plus for the Arbitrum DAO.

Security

66% OpenZeppelin and 33% Trail of Bits

Both of the security service providers are very strong candidates without doubt and qualified for the role. Slightly favored in OpenZeppelin because of the competitive hourly fee and experience as the V1 contributions and context around the vision and challenges.

Risk

100% Nethermind

With the top-class researchers and experiences in the blockchain industry, @Nethermind stands out as a key candidate for the Risk role. They have been involved in the Arbitrum as a member of the STEP committee and surely provide the critical contributions to the ARDC V2.

1 Like

I want to thank all the delegates that supported me as an applicant. It was nice to be able to talk with you guys and see how do you envision Arbitrum and the ARDC.

My votes on this election:

Supervisory Council

Vote: Abstain

Research

Vote: Llama Research & Castle Capital

With the topics proposed and their experience within Arbitrum made them the best choice for this seat.

Security

Vote: OpenZeppelin

Both candidates would be a good fit, so the best rates and the previous engagement in the v1 made me choose OZ.

Risk

Vote: Nethermind

Several strong candidates here. As my VP is not big, I choose Nethermind as it stands out when needing to select just one of them.

1 Like

voted on these shielded offchain proposals:

20% for Jameskbh (Comm Role), 1% for Entropy Adv. + Tamara (Op Role) , 59% for Pedro Breuer (Comm Role) , 20% for ZER8 (Comm Role)
for the ARDC (V2) Supervisory Council Election because @pedrob has been one of the most deliberate and sensible delegates in the last few months in here, just look at their posts in this forum. @jameskbh and @ZER8 have a lot of context about the DAO, but almost from opposite sides of the experience and I believe they would have done a great job as well. @Entropy and @tamara got the 1% vote just for symbolic reasons since they were already elected from the get go but I must say that I think they will do great work together, and as I recommended a few weeks ago, joining their applications was the right move.

20% for PYOR Research, 80% for Llama Research & Castle Capital
for the ARDC (V2) Research Election because @llama and @CastleCapital had the strongest application, a fresh perspective and showed a lot of grit in the whole process. @PYOR also impressed me with their positioning and practicality, which is in this area is a rare sight to see.

100% for Nethermind
for the ARDC (V2) Risk Election because what @Nethermind is doing in the Risk area, with their new product is going to be pretty cool and I’m genuinely excited for what this could unlock for Arbitrum DAO.

100% for Trail of Bits
for the ARDC (V2) Security Election because I believe @montyly has a more diverse breath of experience than Open Zepellin in the security area. And I would like to add that I think we did the wrong choice here as a DAO. And it should be obvious that I think so because I’m one of the very few delegates to go 100% for Trail of Bits in this election so maybe I really have a contrarian opinion here. In essence, Open Zepellin is great, but it’s not Trail of Bits.

1 Like

Supervisory Council Election

After consideration, the @SEEDgov delegation has decided to vote “50% for Frisson (Comm Role) and 50% for Jameskbh (Comm Role)” on this proposal at the Snapshot Vote.

Rationale

This decision was not easy, as there were excellent candidates for the Comms position. On this occasion, we decided to allocate 50% of our votes to @Frisson and 50% to @Jameskbh, not only due to their long history of contributions to the DAO but also because, having had the chance to work with them in the Staking WG, we found two highly skilled, honest individuals with a genuine interest in adding value to the ecosystem.

On the other hand, knowing the outcome of the election, we would like to congratulate @Juanrah and @Alexlumley for being elected and wish them the best in this V2.0 of the ARDC.

Finally, we would like to mention that we did not allocate any votes for the Ops position as there was only one candidate running. We preferred to direct all our VP to our two preferred candidates for the Comms position. In this regard, we agree with the recent discussions: the voting methodology was not ideal. We believe it is better to create an additional vote on Snapshot than to create situations like this:

In the image, it is clear that there is a 300,000 ARB difference between the second and third candidates, while the Ops candidacy received 21.7m votes that could have been redirected to the other candidates. This indicates that (potentially) the outcome could have been different with another voting methodology.

We hope this precedent serves as a learning experience for the DAO, helping us to avoid such situations in the future.

Research Election

After consideration, the @SEEDgov delegation has decided to vote “50% for Blockworks Advisory and 50% for Llama Research & Castle Capital” on this proposal at the Snapshot Vote.

Rationale

Just like in the Supervisory Council election, this decision involved various renowned candidates (in this case, orgs), including Blockworks, which, from our perspective, has done an outstanding job during the first term. This alone was sufficient reason to allocate 50% of our Voting Power to them.

Regarding the other candidates, the joint application by Llama Research & Castle Capital especially stood out to us. Their reputation, background, and alignment with Arbitrum were undoubtedly appealing factors. Additionally, the hourly rate they specified is highly competitive (while not typically a determining factor in our decisions, we felt it was worth noting).

Risk Election

After consideration, the @SEEDgov delegation has decided to vote “100% for Vending Machine” on this proposal at the Snapshot Vote.

Rationale

We have witnessed the Vending Machine team working in both the ARB Staking WG and Everclear DAO under similar contexts. Having had the opportunity to analyze their research and simulations, we are confident that they are the right team for the role.

Even though they were not elected by the DAO, we encourage the team to continue engaging with the Arbitrum community. We are confident that, in the future, they will find new opportunities to contribute with their knowledge and expertise.

Security Election

After consideration, the @SEEDgov delegation has decided to vote “100% for Open Zeppelin” on this proposal at the Snapshot Vote.

Rationale

Not only do they have a proven track record in security, but we have also had the opportunity to witness their work during the first iteration of the ARDC and their current involvement in the Stylus Sprint program as evaluation committee members. In our opinion, they are the best-positioned and most aligned candidates with the DAO to continue leading this process.

1 Like

I think this is a secret vote, a private vote. The reasons should not be disclosed. Although I have cast my vote for the delegate applications based on my personal judgment and carefully reviewed each applicant’s introduction, I’m glad to see so many people applying. However, I won’t be sharing the reasons behind my voting decisions here.

My vote rationale:

In all positions, I believe the candidates I support have demonstrated their expertise. Tamara’s project management experience with the direction of Entropy. JuanRah’s professional ethics, business inteligence and Alex’s communication skills in managing GRC calls. Open Zeppellin’s reputation in security guarantees the integrity of our funds. Blockworks’ analytical capabilities and technical knowledge in specific Arbitrum applications. Nethermind for being a leader in its sector.

Supervisory Council Election

Operations:
Entropy + Tamara

Comms:
JuanRah + Alex Lumley

Security:
Open Zeppellin

Research:
Blockworks

Risk:
Nethermind

Posting my voting rationale after elections:

Supervisory Council Election

Abstain 100%

I feel incredibly fortunate for all the positive feedback I’ve received on the forum over the past few days. Despite not winning, receiving so many kind words of appreciation has been exciting and energizing. I’m deeply grateful to everyone who voted for me.

Research Election

Llama Research & Castle Capital 100%

I’m very grateful for the work Blockworks did during ARDC v1, but in this case, I liked the idea of giving an opportunity to someone new for this position like Castle Capital who has been demonstrating extensive knowledge about the DAO. Additionally, the collaboration between two highly reputable teams can bring enormous value. I’m excited about everything they’re going to deliver!

Risk Election

50% Nethermind 50% Vending Machine

Both are great candidates whose qualities suit perfectly for the position. Excited to see them perform!

Security Election

100% Open Zeppelin.

For security we want the best of the best. Open Zeppelin is the best. We want them around.

2 Likes

I see many outstanding teams and individuals applying, such as Entropy Advisors, Castle Capital, and OpenZeppelin, which are all highly reputable. In these elections, I believe each candidate has fully demonstrated their strengths.